Pass the ISC certification CC Questions and answers with Dumpstech

Penetration testing simulates real-world attacks to identify vulnerabilities before adversaries exploit them.

Laws and regulations are legally enforceable and can impose fines or penalties. Standards and policies are not legally binding unless mandated by regulation.

255.255.255.0is a commonly usedsubnet mask, indicating that the first 24 bits represent the network portion of an IPv4 address. Subnet masks define how IP addresses are divided into network and host portions, enabling efficient routing and segmentation.

A Content Delivery Network (CDN) ensures low latency by caching content at geographically distributed edge locations close to end users. When customers access a website, content is served from the nearest CDN node rather than a centralized server.

This significantly reduces round-trip time, network congestion, and load on origin servers. CDNs are especially effective for static content such as images, scripts, and videos, which dominate e-commerce traffic.

Load balancing distributes traffic but does not reduce geographic distance. SaaS is a service model, not a latency solution. Decentralized data centers help but lack the optimized edge caching and routing capabilities of a CDN.

CDNs are a core performance and availability control for global online services and are widely used by large e-commerce platforms to improve customer experience and resilience.

IPv6 allows removal of leading zeros and compression of consecutive zero blocks using “::”, making option A correct.

Token Ringis a legacy networking technology defined by IEEE 802.5 and operates primarily at thePhysical Layer (Layer 1)of the OSI model, with some functions extending into the Data Link Layer.

The Physical Layer is responsible for transmitting raw bits over a physical medium, defining signaling, cabling, and transmission characteristics. Token Ring used a token-passing mechanism to control access to the physical medium, ensuring only one device transmitted at a time.

While modern Ethernet has replaced Token Ring, understanding its OSI placement remains important for foundational networking knowledge and certification exams.

Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) randomizes the memory locations used by applications, making it significantly harder for attackers to predict where malicious payloads should be placed during buffer overflow attacks.

Buffer overflow exploits rely on predictable memory layouts. ASLR disrupts this predictability, increasing attacker effort and reducing exploit reliability.

The other options are either non-standard terms or unrelated to buffer overflow mitigation. ASLR is widely used in modern operating systems and is a key defensive control recommended by secure coding and system hardening guidelines.

ASLR does not eliminate vulnerabilities but raises the attack complexity, which is a core defensive strategy.

Modern organizations depend on IT systems for communication, data processing, transactions, and service delivery. Without IT, critical business functions often cannot operate, making IT recovery essential to business continuity.

These areType 1 (bare-metal) hypervisors, running directly on hardware without a host operating system, offering higher performance and security.

TheApplication Layer (Layer 7)of the OSI model provides services directly to the user and user-facing applications. This layer supports protocols such as HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, FTP, and DNS, which enable web browsing, email, file transfers, and name resolution.

While users interact with applications rather than the OSI model itself, the Application Layer is responsible for enabling those interactions. The Session Layer manages session establishment, the Presentation Layer handles data formatting and encryption, and the Physical Layer transmits raw bits over physical media.

From a security perspective, many attacks target the Application Layer, including SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and authentication bypasses. As a result, application-layer security controls such as WAFs, secure coding practices, and input validation are critical.

Understanding OSI layers helps security professionals design layered defenses and properly place controls.